Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:954-961.
Copyright © 2002 by Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Childhood Obesity
1 Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
2 Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
3 Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR.
A recent cohort study suggested that maternal smoking during pregnancy might be a risk factor for childhood obesity. Data from the obligatory school entry health examination in six Bavarian (Germany) public health offices in 1999–2000 were used to assess the relation between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity (n = 6,483 German children aged 5.00–6.99 years). A body mass index greater than the 90th percentile was defined as overweight, and a body mass index greater than the 97th percentile was defined as obesity. The main exposure was maternal smoking during pregnancy. The prevalences of overweight and obesity, expressed as percentages, increased in the following order: never smoked (overweight: 8.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.2, 9.0; obesity: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.7, 2.7); less than 10 cigarettes daily (overweight: 14.1, 95% CI: 11.1, 17.7; obesity: 5.7, 95% CI: 3.7, 8.2); and 10 or more cigarettes daily (overweight: 17.0, 95% CI: 10.1, 26.2; obesity: 8.5, 95% CI: 3.7, 16.1). The adjusted odds ratios for maternal smoking during pregnancy were 1.43 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.90) for overweight and 2.06 (95% CI: 1.31, 3.23) for obesity. A dose-dependent association between overweight/obesity and maternal smoking during pregnancy was observed that could not be explained by a wide range of confounders, suggesting that intrauterine exposure to inhaled smoke products rather than lifestyle factors associated with maternal smoking accounts for this finding.
child; obesity; pregnancy; risk factors; smoking
Abbreviations: Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. A Mendez, M. Torrent, C. Ferrer, N. Ribas-Fito, and J. Sunyer Maternal smoking very early in pregnancy is related to child overweight at age 5-7 y Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2008; 87(6): 1906 - 1913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. E. Bruin, H. C. Gerstein, K. M. Morrison, and A. C. Holloway Increased Pancreatic Beta-Cell Apoptosis following Fetal and Neonatal Exposure to Nicotine Is Mediated via the Mitochondria Toxicol. Sci., June 1, 2008; 103(2): 362 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Borowitz and G. E. Isom Nicotine and Type 2 Diabetes Toxicol. Sci., June 1, 2008; 103(2): 225 - 227. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Karaolis-Danckert, A. E Buyken, M. Kulig, A. Kroke, J. Forster, W. Kamin, A. Schuster, C. Hornberg, T. Keil, R. L Bergmann, et al. How pre- and postnatal risk factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy and early childhood on subsequent fat mass development: results from the Multicenter Allergy Study 90 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1356 - 1364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. von Kries, G. Bolte, L. Baghi, A. M. Toschke, and for the GME Study Group Parental smoking and childhood obesity--is maternal smoking in pregnancy the critical exposure? Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2008; 37(1): 210 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. A. Spear, S. E. Barlow, C. Ervin, D. S. Ludwig, B. E. Saelens, K. E. Schetzina, and E. M. Taveras Recommendations for Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity Pediatrics, December 1, 2007; 120(Supplement_4): S254 - S288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. C. Geerts, D. E. Grobbee, C. K. van der Ent, B. M. de Jong, M. M. van der Zalm, N. van Putte-Katier, J. L.L. Kimpen, and C. S.P.M. Uiterwaal Tobacco Smoke Exposure of Pregnant Mothers and Blood Pressure in Their Newborns: Results from the Wheezing Illnesses Study Leidsche Rijn Birth Cohort Hypertension, September 1, 2007; 50(3): 572 - 578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. E Bruin, L. D Kellenberger, H. C Gerstein, K. M Morrison, and A. C Holloway Fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure and postnatal glucose homeostasis: identifying critical windows of exposure J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2007; 194(1): 171 - 178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Perrin, S. R. Bloom, and S. L. Gortmaker The Increase of Childhood Chronic Conditions in the United States JAMA, June 27, 2007; 297(24): 2755 - 2759. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Stocker, E. Wargent, J. O'Dowd, C. Cornick, J. R. Speakman, J. R. S. Arch, and M. A. Cawthorne Prevention of diet-induced obesity and impaired glucose tolerance in rats following administration of leptin to their mothers Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): R1810 - R1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. T. Kimbro, J. Brooks-Gunn, and S. McLanahan Racial and Ethnic Differentials in Overweight and Obesity Among 3-Year-Old Children Am J Public Health, February 1, 2007; 97(2): 298 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Grun, H. Watanabe, Z. Zamanian, L. Maeda, K. Arima, R. Cubacha, D. M. Gardiner, J. Kanno, T. Iguchi, and B. Blumberg Endocrine-Disrupting Organotin Compounds Are Potent Inducers of Adipogenesis in Vertebrates Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2006; 20(9): 2141 - 2155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Al Mamun, D. A. Lawlor, R. Alati, M. J. O'Callaghan, G. M. Williams, and J. M. Najman Does Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy Have a Direct Effect on Future Offspring Obesity? Evidence from a Prospective Birth Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2006; 164(4): 317 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Wang and A. C. Perry Metabolic and Physiologic Responses to Video Game Play in 7- to 10-Year-Old Boys Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2006; 160(4): 411 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Chen, M. L Pennell, M. A Klebanoff, W. J Rogan, and M. P Longnecker Maternal smoking during pregnancy in relation to child overweight: follow-up to age 8 years Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2006; 35(1): 121 - 130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Salsberry and P. B. Reagan Dynamics of Early Childhood Overweight Pediatrics, December 1, 2005; 116(6): 1329 - 1338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K Adams, H. E Harvey, and R. J Prince Association of maternal smoking with overweight at age 3 y in American Indian children Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2005; 82(2): 393 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Steinmann, B. Liebl, H. Kalies, D. Birkel, M. Toschke, G. Kerscher, M. Volkenandt, and R. von Kries Safe in the Sun: Low Prevalence of Sunburns and a High Use of Sun Protection Measures in Bavarian Preschool Children Arch Dermatol, August 1, 2005; 141(8): 1041 - 1042. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J Reilly, J. Armstrong, A. R Dorosty, P. M Emmett, A Ness, I Rogers, C. Steer, A. Sherriff, and for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Chi Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study BMJ, June 11, 2005; 330(7504): 1357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Yang, C. A. Knight, M. M. Mamerow, K. Vickers, A. Penn, E. M. Postlethwait, and S. W. Ballinger Prenatal Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Promotes Adult Atherogenesis and Mitochondrial Damage in Apolipoprotein E-/- Mice Fed a Chow Diet Circulation, December 14, 2004; 110(24): 3715 - 3720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.M.L. Skidmore and J.W.G. Yarnell The obesity epidemic: prospects for prevention QJM, December 1, 2004; 97(12): 817 - 825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Whitaker Predicting Preschooler Obesity at Birth: The Role of Maternal Obesity in Early Pregnancy Pediatrics, July 1, 2004; 114(1): e29 - e36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. C. Windham, C. Bottomley, C. Birner, and L. Fenster Age at Menarche in Relation to Maternal Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, Coffee, and Tea during Pregnancy Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2004; 159(9): 862 - 871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. E. Jones, S. M. Williams, and A. Goulding Associations of Birth Weight and Length, Childhood Size, and Smoking with Bone Fractures during Growth: Evidence from a Birth Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2004; 159(4): 343 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Toschke, S. M. Montgomery, U. Pfeiffer, and R. von Kries Early Intrauterine Exposure to Tobacco-inhaled Products and Obesity Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2003; 158(11): 1068 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 From the Library Br. J. Ophthalmol., May 1, 2003; 87(5): 662 - 662. [Full Text]
|
|